FROM PICTOGRAPHY TO ALPHABET; THE EVOLUTION OF THE WRITING SYSTEM
Keywords:
history of writing, pictography, ideography, logography, alphabet, written culture, ancient civilizations.Abstract
The article is dedicated to the history of the origin and development of writing, which is a fundamental component of humanity's cultural heritage. It reveals the path from the simplest and most visual form of writing—pictography—through complex systems (ideograms, syllabograms) to the invention of the alphabet based on the phonetic principle. This process is illustrated by the example of the development and improvement of writing systems in various ancient civilizations: Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, Phoenicia, and Greece.
Downloads
References
1.O‘zbekiston Milliy Ensiklopediyasi. Birinchi jild. –Tosheknt, 2000.
2.Rajabov.R. Qadimgi dunyo tarixi. – Toshkent: Fan va texnologiya, 2009
3.Xoshimov. S. Fan va texnika tarixi. –Toshkent: Voris-nashriyot, 2024.
4.Аскаров. А. Узбек халкининг келиб чикиш тарихи –Toshkent: O‘zbekiston, 2019.
5. Сагдуллаев А. Кадимги Узбекистон илк езма манбаларда –Toshkent: Укитувчи, 1996.
6.Wikipediya
