PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF KIDNEY DISEASES. DISORDERS OF URINE PRODUCTION AND EXCRETION. CHARACTERISTICS OF CHILDREN

Xushvaqtov Ilyos Shodiqul o‘g‘li; Turdimurodova Mahliyo Zokir qizi; Xuramova Muhayyo Boboniyozovna; Xurramova Dilshoda Abdulla qizi; Rajabova Shaxina Ilxomovna

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF KIDNEY DISEASES. DISORDERS OF URINE PRODUCTION AND EXCRETION. CHARACTERISTICS OF CHILDREN

Xushvaqtov Ilyos Shodiqul o‘g‘li

A student of the Termiz branch of the Tashkent Medical Academy

Turdimurodova Mahliyo Zokir qizi

A student of the Termiz branch of the Tashkent Medical Academy

Xuramova Muhayyo Boboniyozovna

A student of the Termiz branch of the Tashkent Medical Academy

Xurramova Dilshoda Abdulla qizi

A student of the Termiz branch of the Tashkent Medical Academy

Rajabova Shaxina Ilxomovna

A student of the Termiz branch of the Tashkent Medical Academy

##semicolon## Chronic kidney disease, Glomerular filtration rate, Diabetic nephropathy, Chronic kidney disease patient, Renal scarring

सार

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a condition in which an initial injury is superseded by a more gradual, chronic process of decreasing function that, in the most extreme cases, ultimately leads to the need for renal replacement therapy. An important consideration is that, while the initiating causes are quite varied, as CKD progresses the mechanisms involved become increasingly similar, so that eventually a set of common events contributes to inexorable loss of functional nephron mass. The mechanisms that are involved can be described as those that disrupt normal renal physiology and those by which decreasing structural integrity renders such disruption irreversible. Thus, the key to understanding progression is examining how function becomes dysregulated and how this dysfunction interacts with the process of renal scarring. This chapter will review these mechanisms.

##submission.citations##

Uetani N, Bouchard M. Plumbing in the embryo: developmental defects of the urinary tracts. Clin Genet. 2009 Apr;75(4):307-17. [PubMed]

Costantini F, Kopan R. Patterning a complex organ: branching morphogenesis and nephron segmentation in kidney development. Dev Cell. 2010 May 18;18(5):698-712. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

Kreidberg JA. Podocyte differentiation and glomerulogenesis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003 Mar;14(3):806-14. [PubMed]

Bhaskar A, Oommen V. A simple model for demonstrating the factors affecting glomerular filtration rate. Adv Physiol Educ. 2018 Jun 01;42(2):380-382. [PubMed]

Komlosi P, Bell PD, Zhang ZR. Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanisms in nephron segments beyond the macula densa. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2009 Jan;18(1):57-62. [PubMed]

Cupples WA. Interactions contributing to kidney blood flow autoregulation. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2007 Jan;16(1):39-45. [PubMed]

Holstein-Rathlou NH, Sosnovtseva OV, Pavlov AN, Cupples WA, Sorensen CM, Marsh DJ. Nephron blood flow dynamics measured by laser speckle contrast imaging. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2011 Feb;300(2):F319-29. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

Gosling JA, Dixon JS. Species variation in the location of upper urinary tract pacemaker cells. Invest Urol. 1974 Mar;11(5):418-23. [PubMed]

Lukacz ES, Sampselle C, Gray M, Macdiarmid S, Rosenberg M, Ellsworth P, Palmer MH. A healthy bladder: a consensus statement. Int J Clin Pract. 2011 Oct;65(10):1026-36. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

Kohler TS, Yadven M, Manvar A, Liu N, Monga M. The length of the male urethra. Int Braz J Urol. 2008 Jul-Aug;34(4):451-4; discussion 455-6. [PubMed]

Hickling DR, Sun TT, Wu XR. Anatomy and Physiology of the Urinary Tract: Relation to Host Defense and Microbial Infection. Microbiol Spectr. 2015 Aug;3(4) [PMC free article] [PubMed]

Araki I, de Groat WC. Developmental synaptic depression underlying reorganization of visceral reflex pathways in the spinal cord. J Neurosci. 1997 Nov 01;17(21):8402-7. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

Fowler CJ, Griffiths D, de Groat WC. The neural control of micturition. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008 Jun;9(6):453-66. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

Johnson JR, Ireton RC, Lipsky BA. Emphysematous pyelonephritis caused by Candida albicans. J Urol. 1986 Jul;136(1):80-2. [PubMed]

Huang JJ, Tseng CC. Emphysematous pyelonephritis: clinicoradiological classification, management, prognosis, and pathogenesis. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Mar 27;160(6):797-805. [PubMed]

Chen MT, Huang CN, Chou YH, Huang CH, Chiang CP, Liu GC. Percutaneous drainage in the treatment of emphysematous pyelonephritis: 10-year experience. J Urol. 1997 May;157(5):1569-73. [PubMed]